『保健医療科学』 2024 第73巻 第3号 p.174-184(2024年8月)
特集 : 高齢者介護の質向上にむけた動向:切れ目のない支援を ―アクティブ・エイジングとウェルビーイング―
<総説>
アジアの人口高齢化と介護制度構築における課題
林玲子
国立社会保障・人口問題研究所
Population ageing in Asia and the challenges of developing long-term care systems
HAYASHI Reiko
National Institute of Population and Social Security Research
<抄録>
人口高齢化は世界に広がっており,世界全域で高齢者割合は増加し,これから高齢化が本格化する地域では高齢化のスピードは速く,今後の高齢者数の増加も著しい. 人口高齢化対策は保健医療分野のみならず社会参加や雇用,生涯教育,所得保障,健康推進,環境整備など多分野で取り組む必要性があり,高齢者施策の法律や国家計画は多くの国で策定されるようになっている.
寿命が延びると,慢性疾患や障害を持つ人も多くなるため,急性期の疾患に対応する医療提供と同時に,慢性疾患や障害に対して長期的なケア,つまり介護を提供する必要性が生じる. すでに公的な介護制度を構築している国も少なくないが,これから高齢化が進むアジアでは,今後どのように介護制度を構築するのか模索が続いている.増える高齢者介護のニーズを家族の機能を高めることで対応しようという国もあるが,日本のように,介護の担い手を家族から社会に移行させた国もある. しかしながらそのために必要な介護専門人材は大きく不足している. アジアでは,老親の面倒は家族が家でみるもので施設に入れることには文化的な忌避感があるといわれてきたが,すでに香港,日本,韓国の高齢者の施設居住割合は世界でも高水準であり,施設を含めて高齢者の居場所をどのように確保し,ケアの質をどう保つのが問われよう.
新型コロナウイルス感染症の流行により,アジアでは当初死亡率は低下したが,その後死亡率の高止まりが続いている. コロナの直接的な影響以外に,感染症対策による医療・介護現場の変化や行動制限の影響など,高齢者介護の面からも検討を要する点は多くある.
高齢化に続いて,少子化はアジアで深刻な問題になりつつあり,日本に続いて韓国,中国が人口減 少社会になったように,アジア全体も 2055 年には人口減少に転じると推計されている.高齢者が元気で長生きすることは人口減少対策でもあり,量・質ともに充実した介護制度はそのためにも重要である.
キーワード:アジア,人口高齢化,介護,新型コロナウイルス感染症
Abstract
Population ageing is becoming a global issue. The proportion of older persons is increasing worldwide. Especially in emerging economies, the pace of ageing is rapid. Also, the number of older persons will increase significantly. Population ageing countermeasures have to be devised in a multidisciplinary manner, including social participation, employment, lifelong education, income security, health promotion, and environmental improvement. Laws and national plans for older persons are being formulated in many countries.
With increased life expectancy, the number of people with chronic diseases and disabilities will also increase, necessitating a robust framework for long-term care. A few countries have already established public long-term care systems. However, most of the emerging ageing countries in Asia continue to struggle to develop such systems. Improving the functions of families is one option to respond to increasing long-term care needs. Nevertheless, the effectiveness and sustainability of such options remain uncertain. Countries such as Japan are shifting the caregiverʼs role from family to social service. However, the lack of long-term care professionals is a significant challenge. Traditionally, elderly parents are looked after by family members at home. There is a cultural aversion to placing them in institutions. However, the proportion of older persons living in long-term care facilities in Hong Kong, Japan, and South Korea is already high by global standards. Securing a place of living for older persons and maintaining the quality of care is, therefore, a pressing need.
Owing to the COVID-19 pandemic, mortality in Asia initially decreased for the first year in 2020 but after that, especially since 2022, the mortality remained high. In addition to the direct impact of the pandemic, many issues have to be considered. These include changes in medical and long-term care practices because of infection control and the effects of activity restrictions.
In addition to ageing, low fertility is another serious issue emerging in Asia. Just as Japan, South Korea and China have become societies with declining populations, and it is estimated that the population of Asia as a whole will begin to decline by 2055. Active, healthy, and longer lives contribute to mitigating population decline. Therefore, a quality long-term care system is indispensable.
keywords : Asia, population ageing, long-term care, COVID-19