『保健医療科学』 第62巻 第2号, p.182－188 （2013年4月）
特集：現存被ばく状況下における放射線リスクコミュニケーション <総説>
放射線業務従事者の健康管理
欅田尚樹１），猪狩和之２）
１） 国立保健医療科学院生活環境研究部
２） 医療法人社団こころとからだの元氣プラザ
抄録
東京電力福島第一原子力発電所事故により多くの人が放射線に対する不安を抱えている．原発サイト内で復旧作業に従事する作業者は，一般公衆以上に高い線量の放射線に被ばくする可能性がある．チェルノブイリ原発事故の際には，初期の対応にあたった原発職員および消防士において，１３４人が高線量の被ばくにより確定的影響である急性放射線障害を発症し，このうち２８人が３ヶ月以内に急性放射線症候群で死亡した．平成２３年３月の福島原発事故から２年余りの間に，２５０mSv以上の被ばくをした作業者が事故初期を中心に６名発生したが，急性影響を発症する高線量被ばく者は発生しなかった．今後も作業者の被ばく線量データベース登録を含めた長期的な健康管理が必要である．さらに復旧作業にあたる従事者の健康管理においては，放射線対策だけでなく，熱中症予防，感染症対策などを含めた総合的な健康管理が重要である．
キーワード： 原子力発電所事故，国際放射線防護委員会，緊急被ばく医療，産業保健
Abstract
People in Japan have expressed great anxiety about possible radiation and radioactivity after the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant of Tokyo Electric Power Company’s (TEPCO), due to the great earthquake and tsunami in eastern Japan on 11 March 2011. A large number of workers were engaged in response and recovery operations, and they were possibly exposed to high doses of radiation as compared to the general population. In the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in 1986, high doses of radiation to 134 plant staff and emergency personnel resulted in acute radiation syndrome (ARS), which proved fatal for 28 of them. In the Fukushima accident, six workers were exposed to more than 250 mSv of radiation during the initial response phase, but no one showed ARS. It is necessary to continue registration of radiation doses for all workers who were exposed to radiation to facilitate suitable healthcare management in the future. In addition to radiation exposure, a group of workers were also exposed to other health hazards. Frequent occurrence of heat disorders has been a concern for the workers wearing protective clothing with poor ventilation. A comprehensive program to prevent heat illness was implemented by TEPCO under the guidance of the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare. It is important to provide effective systems not only for prevention of radiation exposure but also for general management of other health risks including heat disorders and infection.
keywords: Nuclear Power Plant accident, ICRP (The International Commission on Radiological Protection), radiation emergency medicine, occupational health