『保健医療科学』 2021 第70巻 第2号 p.116-122（2021年5月）
特集：：HACCP導入による今後の食品衛生 ＜総説＞
水産食品のハザードとその管理
大城直雅
国立医薬品食品衛生研究所
Hazards control on fish and fisheries products
OSHIRO Naomasa
National Institute of Health Sciences
抄録
日本では古くから海産物を食用として活用し，刺身や鮨などの生食は代表的な日本食文化として世界的に広く知れ渡っている．そのため腸炎ビブリオの制御は食中毒予防のための重要な課題であった．
1996年には292件の食中毒事件が報告されていたが，リスク評価，リスク管理の成果により，2018年には22件にまで減少した．近年はサバやサンマなどの生食に起因するAnisakis属寄生虫による食中毒が大幅に増加している．フグ毒による食中毒は，事件数自体は多くないものの毎年発生し，致死事例も毎年のように報告されている．亜熱帯の沖縄や奄美地方では熱帯性の魚類によるシガテラが毎年発生している．さらに，海産魚類摂食後に横紋筋融解症を発症する食中毒についてはパリトキシン様毒によるものとされているが，原因物質の特定には至っていない．本稿では水産食品による食中毒の発生状況の推移および代表的な海産生物毒について解説する．
キーワード：水産食品，食中毒，マリンバイオトキシン
Abstract
As is well known from the iconic sushi and sashimi of Japanese cuisine, Japanese people have preferred to consume raw seafood. Therefore, preventing food poisoning due to contamination by the pathogenic bacteria Vibrio parahaemolyticus was one of the most important issues for many years in Japan. In 1996, 292 incidents were reported in Japan, but this was reduced to 22 incidents in 2018, as a successful achievement of risk assessment, management, and control of V. parahaemolyticus. In recent years, the number of incidents of anisakiosis significantly increased due to consumption of raw mackerel, Pacific saury, and other finfish containing the parasite Anisakis spp. Effective risk management should be carried out to control this poisoning. On the other hand, the number of tetrodotoxin poisoning incidents was not many. Still, it did occur, with fatal cases every year.
In the Ryukyu Islands, comprising Okinawa Prefecture and Kagoshima Prefectureʼs Amami Islands, located in the subtropical region, ciguatera fish poisoning is reported every year and is a significant issue in food poisoning events. These poisonings were caused by the consumption of certain species of carnivorous fish captured in this area, and the fish was contaminated with ciguatoxins. Rhabdomyolysis after consumption of marine finfish was also reported, but infrequently. The principal agent of this poisoning is still unknown.
In this review paper, we described and discussed the seafood poisoning risk shown above in the past and present and those expected to occur in future.
keywords: Fish and fisheries product, seafood safety, marine biotoxin
